The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ī resource-efficient, resilient and productive food system is seen as a fundamental vehicle for contributing to sustainable development. This work is also supported by the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in the framework of the Open Access Publishing Program. įunding: The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support for data collection from Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA) in Spain and from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I + D + i), Project Reference Number RTA2012−0. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All the data used in the analyses are freely available in the open-access repository Zenodo.
Received: Accepted: NovemPublished: January 10, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Ait Sidhoum et al. PLoS ONE 17(1):Įditor: László Vasa, Szechenyi Istvan University: Szechenyi Istvan Egyetem, HUNGARY In general, our study provides evidence of trade-offs for farms between economic sustainability and environmental sustainability, but also between environmental sustainability and social sustainability.Ĭitation: Ait Sidhoum A, Dakpo KH, Latruffe L (2022) Trade-offs between economic, environmental and social sustainability on farms using a latent class frontier efficiency model: Evidence for Spanish crop farms.
However, improvements in social concerns, both towards own farm and the larger community, may lead to improved technical efficiency levels. The application to a sample of Spanish crop farms shows that more environmentally sustainable farms are likely to have lower levels of technical efficiency. We use the latent class stochastic frontier model and create classes based on three separating variables, representing farms’ environmental sustainability and social sustainability. This article studies trade-offs of farms in terms of economic sustainability (proxied here by technical efficiency), environmental sustainability (proxied here by farmers’ commitment towards the environment) and social sustainability (proxied here by farmers’ contribution to on farm well-being and communities’ well-being).
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